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Thinking—Fast, Slow, and Artificial: How AI is Reshaping Human Reasoning and the Rise of Cognitive Surrender

Cognition & SkillAgreement & Belief

Steven D. Shaw, Gideon Nave · 2026 · SSRN preprint

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Across 1,372 people, most followed a chatbot’s advice even when it had been secretly made wrong, and using it raised confidence either way. Incentives with feedback doubled how often people rejected bad advice.

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