Nataliya Kosmyna, Eugene Hauptmann, Ye Tong Yuan, Pattie Maes, et al. · 2025 · arXiv preprint (not peer-reviewed)
54 students wrote essays with ChatGPT, a search engine, or nothing. Brain connectivity was lowest in the ChatGPT group, and those who switched from ChatGPT to writing alone showed weaker engagement. A small, unreviewed study with published critiques — provocative, not settled.