One-time surveys linking AI use to well-being or skills; fast and large, but unable to tell which comes first.
Used in
- Gerlich 2025 - AI tools and cognitive offloading
- Lee et al 2025 - Generative AI and critical thinking
- Huntington-Klein 2026 - Little impact of ChatGPT on test scores
- Zhang et al 2025 - The rise of AI companions
- Liu Pataranutaporn Maes 2025 - Heterogeneous effects of AI companionship
- Common Sense Media 2025 - Teens and AI companions
- Common Sense Media 2026 - AI use by tweens and teens
- Perlis et al 2026 - Generative AI use and depressive symptoms
- Stack Overflow 2025 - Developer survey AI