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Atlas / Human–AI interaction / Method

Cross-sectional surveys

One-time surveys linking AI use to well-being or skills; fast and large, but unable to tell which comes first.

Used in

  • Gerlich 2025 - AI tools and cognitive offloading
  • Lee et al 2025 - Generative AI and critical thinking
  • Huntington-Klein 2026 - Little impact of ChatGPT on test scores
  • Zhang et al 2025 - The rise of AI companions
  • Liu Pataranutaporn Maes 2025 - Heterogeneous effects of AI companionship
  • Common Sense Media 2025 - Teens and AI companions
  • Common Sense Media 2026 - AI use by tweens and teens
  • Perlis et al 2026 - Generative AI use and depressive symptoms
  • Stack Overflow 2025 - Developer survey AI

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Around this method
Talk, Trust, and Trade-Offs: How and Why Teens Use AI CompanionsThe Common Sense Media Census: AI Use by Tweens and Teens, 2026AI Tools in Society: Impacts on Cognitive Offloading and the Future of Critical ThinkingLittle Impact of ChatGPT Availability on High School Student Test Score PerformanceThe Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge WorkersThe Heterogeneous Effects of AI Companionship: An Empirical Model of Chatbot Usage and Loneliness and a Typology of User ArchetypesGenerative AI Use and Depressive Symptoms Among US AdultsStack Overflow Developer Survey 2025: AIThe Rise of AI Companions: Interaction with AI Companions and Psychological Well-beingThis method

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Linked from

  • Talk, Trust, and Trade-Offs: How and Why Teens Use AI Companions
  • The Common Sense Media Census: AI Use by Tweens and Teens, 2026
  • AI Tools in Society: Impacts on Cognitive Offloading and the Future of Critical Thinking
  • Little Impact of ChatGPT Availability on High School Student Test Score Performance
  • The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of Knowledge Workers
  • The Heterogeneous Effects of AI Companionship: An Empirical Model of Chatbot Usage and Loneliness and a Typology of User Archetypes
  • Generative AI Use and Depressive Symptoms Among US Adults
  • Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2025: AI
  • The Rise of AI Companions: Interaction with AI Companions and Psychological Well-being
  • Does AI companionship displace human contact, or fill a gap that was already there?
  • Does cognitive debt last — or is it repaid with practice?
  • What separates flow from 'dark flow' when building with AI?
  • Is compulsive AI use addiction, habit, or rational reliance?
  • Which skills can we safely hand over, and which hold up our judgment?
  • What does working with AI do to sleep, rest and the body?
  • Who do AI companions help, and who do they harm?

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